Biodata Management Guide

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Biodata Systems

There is a wide array of biodata tools available to council biodata managers, from simple datasets through to comprehensive biodata management systems. A number of key systems are listed here. National Datasets contain data accessible to council biodata mangers, while National Systems are databases that allow you to both download and upload biodata. Tools allow you to manage your regional biodata needs. New Zealand Local Government Case Studies provides examples of how various regional and territorial councils are managing their biodata. References lists additional systems as well as further reading. The International section offers case studies of how biodata is managed overseas as well as links to related international biodata bodies.

All members of the Dataversity Public Discussion Group can edit any page in this guide.

Data Catalogues

The primary NZ catalogue for New Zealand biodata is Geodata.govt.nz, the geospatial and environmental data catalogue, built by Land Information New Zealand and the Ministry of Science and Innovation.

There is a wider list of NZ data catalogues at <http://groups.open.org.nz/howtos/find_data/>.

National Datasets

The following datasets relate to New Zealand biodiversity and are held by organisations outside local government.

Animal Distribution Maps
 View of the national distribution of deer, wallaby, thar, chamois, goat and pig, hosted by Landcare Research.
Animal Survey Reports
Compilation of previously unpublished animal survey reports from environmental agencies, hosted by Landcare Research.
Ant Distribution Data
Distribution and collection information about ant species in New Zealand as well as global distribution for invasive ant species, hosted by Landcare Research.
Auckland Museum Natural History Databases
Catalogue of specimen-level terrestrial, freshwater and marine plant and animal records for its natural history collections.
Bioweb Bird Banding
Records of all birds banded in New Zealand and all recoveries, from the early 1950s to the present, available through DOC.
Bioweb Herpetofauna
Reptile and amphibian species taxonomy information, species observation records and marked-animal observation records, available through DOC.
Bioweb Threatened Plants
National records of threatened plant species, available through DOC.
Canterbury Museum Vertebrate and Invertebrate Zoology Collection
Record of collections including birds, mammals, fish, invertebrates, and subfossil birds and mammals.
Culture Collection of Micro-Algae
Nationally significant living collection at CAWTHRON Institute which contains nine classes of micro-algae.
Dame Ella Campbell Herbarium (MPN) Database
Collection at Massey University of the native and naturalised flora of New Zealand, with only minor overseas holdings.
Five Minute Bird Count Database
Database of Five Minute Bird Count data from across New Zealand since 1975, available through DOC.
Freshwater Biodata Information System
Fish, algae, aquatic plant and invertebrate data and metadata gathered from New Zealand's freshwater streams, rivers and lakes, hosted by NIWA.
Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates
Information on New Zealand soil and litter invertebrates, their diversity, biology, ecosystem role, and conservation status, available through Massey University.
Land Environments of New Zealand (LENZ)
Classification of New Zealand's terrestrial environments providing information about climate, soils and landforms.
Land Resource Information System
Made up of the New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (NZLRI), the National Soils Database (NSD) and derivatives, hosted by Landcare Research.
Lincoln University Centre of Research Excellence Database
Database of exotic and endemic terrestrial and aquatic insects collected for DNA analysis.
National Forest Herbarium and Database
Catalogued specimens, specialising in conifers, eucalypts and species commonly grown as amenity trees, hosted by Ensis.
National Vegetation Survey Databank (NVS)
Records of indigenous and exotic plants in New Zealand's terrestrial ecosystems, hosted by Landcare Research.
National Weeds Distribution Database
Proposed system to dynamically aggregate data from the numerous datasets distributed amongst local government and national agencies.
Natural Heritage Management System (NHMS)
DOC system to report on New Zealand biodiversity, expected to be in use in 2009.
New Zealand Arthropod Collection and Specimen and Information Database
Information on arthropod specimens in the collection and species present in New Zealand, hosted by Landcare Research.
New Zealand Fungal Herbarium (PDD) and Associated Database
Database of specimens and cultures in collection as well as metadata, distribution and identification data of fungi in New Zealand, hosted by Landcare Research.
The New Zealand Land Cover Database (LCDB)
Digital map of New Zealand, showing the land cover grouped into nine major land cover classes.
The NZ Lizards Database
Searchable online system that provides access to information describing the lizard species of New Zealand.
New Zealand National Paleontological Collection and Database
Data relating to the specimens in the national collections of animal and plant macrofossils and microfossils, paleontological samples and residues, hosted by GNS.
New Zealand Organisms Register (NZOR)
National information infrastructure project to efficiently mobilise, integrate, and share authoritative taxonomic information.
New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
Information about native plants and their conservation in New Zealand.
New Zealand Recognised Bird Names (NZRBN) database
List of recognised bird names provided by the Ornithological Society of New Zealand.
New Zealand's Threatened Plants & Fungi
Information about New Zealand's nationally threatened and uncommon species, maintained by the NZPCN.
Nga Tipu Whakaoranga-Ethnobotany Database
Fully referenced, detailed information on how Maori used plants to survive in New Zealand, before the arrival of Europeans, hosted by Landcare Research.
Otago Museum Natural Environment Collection
Database of collections including birds, vertebrates, native plants, terrestrial invertebrates, insects and spiders.
Plant-SyNZ herbivore biodiversity assessment tool database
Crop & Food Research database of invertebrate herbivores found on New Zealand plants plus a tool for assessing the biodiversity of insect and mite herbivores on native plants.
Protected Areas Network New Zealand (PAN-NZ)
Information on legally protected areas managed by a range of organisations in a single database.
Research Herbarium for Plant Biosystematics
Several associated databases, hosted by Landcare Research, including information about plant names, specimen information storage and retrieval and list of all vascular plant species recorded as present in New Zealand.
River Environment Classification
GIS-based classification of all NZ rivers, developed by NIWA. Includes data derived from the latest Land Cover Database (LCDB2).
State of the Takiwa (SoT)
Culturally-based environmental monitoring and reporting system being developed by Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu.
Te Papa Natural Environment Collection
Natural history collections database includes plants, birds, molluscs, land mammals, reptiles and amphibians, fish, and arthropods.
Virtual Herbarium
Provides an interface to data federated from various NZ herbaria.
Water Quality Information System (WQIS)
Data and metadata on a range of common water quality indicators, hosted by NIWA.

National Systems

These systems can be used to upload and download biodata.

Bioweb Bird Banding
Records of all birds banded in New Zealand and all recoveries, from the early 1950s to the present, available through DOC.
Bioweb Herpetofauna
Reptile and amphibian species taxonomy information, species observation records and marked-animal observation records, available through DOC.
Five Minute Bird Count Database
Database of Five Minute Bird Count data from across New Zealand since 1975, available through DOC.
Freshwater Biodata Information System
Fish, algae, aquatic plant and invertebrate data and metadata gathered from New Zealand's freshwater streams, rivers and lakes, available through NIWA.
Land Use and Carbon Analysis System (LUCAS)
Under development by the Ministry for the Environment to meet New Zealand's Kyoto Protocol reporting requirements and will include a national forest inventory that can be used for biodiversity assessments.
LRIS - The Land Resource Information Systems Portal
The LRIS portal is the first element of scinfo.org.nz, a new  repository of authoritative New Zealand science datasets and information. It is has been created in response to a growing expectation that government and publicly funded science data should be readily available in authoritative human and machine readable forms.Data can be downloaded directly from the website in GIS-ready formats.
National Biodiversity Metadata Database
Department of Conservation system to be released in 2009, where the public can search and store biodiversity metadata.
National Vegetation Survey Databank (NVS)
Records of indigenous and exotic plants in New Zealand's terrestrial ecosystems, available through Landcare Research.
New Zealand Biological Recording Network (NZBRN)
Web-based system to record and process contributed natural history observations, developed by several organisations.
New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database
Records the occurrence of fish in fresh waters of New Zealand, including major offshore islands, hosted by NIWA.
Protected Areas Network New Zealand (PAN-NZ)
Information on legally protected areas managed by a range of organisations in a single database.
Water Quality Information System (WQIS)
Data and metadata on a range of common water quality indicators, hosted by NIWA.

Tools

These systems are either currently available or in the process of being made available to run locally for regional biodiversity management.

ANZMET Lite
Free tool that facilitates the creation of an ANZLIC-compliant metadata record.
Bathing Water Quality Systems
Systems available from the Ministry for the Environment to enable reporting on recreational water quality.
Biodiversity Ecologies Application
Holds data relating to freshwater wetlands including from SNA and PNA reports and field visits, developed by Environment Bay of Plenty.
CADDIS-Fly
Stand-alone database for freshwater ecology, that allows data to be uploaded to FBIS, available through CAWTHRON.
Community Biodata Websites
Systems that support Community Biodiversity Management.
EcoBase
Commissioned by ARC, provides quality ecological data management.
The Forest Monitoring and Assessment Kit (Formak)
Set of tools, including a stand-alone database, that allows data to be uploaded to a national system.
MIRADI
Low-cost adaptive management software for conservation projects - ideal for creating reserve management plans.  This database guides the user through interview wizards which allows nature conservation practitioners to design, manage, monitor, and learn from their projects to more effectively meet their conservation goals. The software helps teams to prioritise threats, develop objectives and actions, and select monitoring indicators to assess the effectiveness of their strategies. Miradi also supports the development of workplans, budgets, and other tools to help practitioners implement and manage their project.
National Vegetation Survey Databank (NVS) Express
Free tool for entering vegetation data compatible with the NVS databank, available through Landcare Research.
SNA Systems
Tools used by councils to survey, monitor and manage significant natural areas.

Interactive species identifcation keys

English–Māori identification key to leafhopper and treehopper genera occurring in New Zealand
This key will enable any treehopper (Membracidae) or leafhopper (Cicadellidae) genus and several species found in New Zealand to be identified.

Guide to the family–level identification of Hymenoptera in New Zealand
This identification guide to the families of New Zealand Hymenoptera was created using Lucid Phoenix, which works as an interactive dichotomous key.

Interactive keys to plants
Interactive keys are a tool to assist users to identify plant material. Outcomes were traditionally limited by dichotomous keys. By using interactive keys users can start at any point and there are usually illustrations to assist decision making. Interactive keys can be designed to cope with common misinterpretations and still allow users to reach a correct result.

Key to Coprosma species of New Zealand
Allows you to identify any of the 53 species of Coprosma currently recognised in New Zealand

Key to the ants of New Zealand
This key is designed to use with worker ants (females).

Key to the mosquitoes of New Zealand
This is a LUCIDD key to New Zealand mosquitoes, and requires LUCIDD software to run.

Key to weedy daisies of the South Pacific
The key includes 43 species of weeds and two species of indigenous Asteraceae from the South Pacific Region. The weedy species have been chosen on the basis of their invasive potential.

Keys to New Zealand land snails
A series of LUCID keys to identify New Zealand land snails

Leafhopper and treehopper identification keys and checklists
The included keys will enable any leafhopper genus or species currently recorded from New Zealand to be identified. The checkslists provide valid names and synonymies for all species as well as digital images for the majority of taxa.

Native plants of schools and marae in New Zealand
This Lucid3 key is for the identification of New Zealand native plants commonly found in school grounds and marae. The key was developed for simple identification of these plants by students.

NPPA key – interactive key to the National Pest Plant Accord species of NZ
This key is for the identification of 150 pest plant species banned from propagation, sale, and distribution within New Zealand and for comparison includes about the same number of similar and related species. The key is illustrated with more than 5000 images and hyperlinks at the species level to MAF Biosecurity New Zealand, Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa – New Zealand Plants databases, and the Weedbusters website.

NZGrass Key – interactive key to the grasses of NZ
This key is illustrated with over 1400 images and is connected by hyperlinks at the species level to the digitised version of the Grass Flora, NZ Plant Conservation Network and Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa – New Zealand Plants (a database derived from the New Zealand Plant Names database and the Allan Herbarium Specimen database).

Virtual identification guide to NZ Caridae genera
This identification guide provides a Lucid Phoenix interactive key to New Zealand ground–beetle genera

What is this bug?
A simple key to identifying bugs found in the house and garden. This service is aimed at members of the public and mostly provides a common name, or general group name. For primary students of years 2–6 and their teachers, we also provide a teaching resource Insects & spiders, It provides information about the insects and spiders found in New Zealand and is suitable for levels 2 and 3 of the Science curriculum, Making Sense of the Living World.

NZ Local Government Case Studies

The following profiles are of councils and the systems they use to manage biodiversity in their region. Other profiles cover councils which are in the process of integrating their data and implementing a new biodata management system.

ARC's EcoBase
CCC Biodata System Project
EBoP Biodiversity Ecologies Application
ECan Forest Monitoring Data in Formak
Marlborough Fresh Water Fish Data in FBIS
NZFFD Roaring Success for HBRC
Tasman SNH System

References

This section contains links to lists of significant databases as well as a number of reports relevant to council biodata management.

Nationally Significant Databases
There are 26 MoRST-designated, FRST-funded Nationally Significant Databases.
The following resources relate to the Nationally Significant Databases and Collections for New Zealand.
Dataversity public discussion group topic about Nationally Significant Databases.
List of 26 Nationally Significant Databases (PDF, 66kb) posted 22 July 2009.
The Nationally Significant Databases & Collections Providers' Group site provides more information on Nationally Significant Databases, including a list of 25 Nationally Significant Databases and Collections, with links to the databases.
An April 2010 update on the Backbone Research and Science Scheme, MRST's new mechanism for disbursing Vote RS&T funds on a longer-term and non-contestable basis, to support essential RS&T infrastructure and activities, including nationally significant databases and collections.
MFE Review of National Databases Relating to Land, Water and Biodiversity>
The Review of National Databases Relating to Land, Water and Biodiversity was prepared in October 1999, by Victoria Froude of Pacific Eco-Logic Resource Management Associates, for the Ministry for the Environment's Environmental Performance Indicators Programme.
Improving Information Systems to Support Terrestrial and Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation in New Zealand
A Review Of Major New Zealand Biodatabases’ Readiness To Integrate With GBIF
A Survey of Regional Council Biodatabases
Nature Heritage Fund Regional Protection Strategies
Department of Conservation guides to the state of conservation in Auckland and Canterbury by ecological district. 

International

Listed are some examples of how overseas local government bodies manage biodata as well as links to related international biodata bodies.

Global Biodata Management
GBIF

United States Data.gov

Data.gov is leading the way in democratizing public sector data and driving innovation. The data is being surfaced from many locations making the Government data stores available to researchers to perform their own analysis. Developers are finding good uses for the datasets, providing interesting and useful applications that allow for new views and public analysis. This is a work in progress, but this movement is spreading to cities, states, and other countries. After just one year a community is born around open government data.

Envirofacts  and Data Finder

United States Environmental Protection Agency

Search multiple databases all at once - retrieve information from multiple sources (16+) for your area of interest.

 Data Finder is a single place to find EPA's numerical data sources so that people can access and understand environmental information. All of the data sources are available on the Internet and have been organized by topics such as air, water, and chemicals. If you are looking for data sets that are generated and held by EPA and other Federal agencies, please visit Data.gov. Data Finder provides an initial collection of EPA's data sources (see the newest data sources). Please shape the future of Data Finder so it meets your needs by sharing your comments and suggestions in the Data Finder Forum.

Open Toronto

The Cities of Toronto, Edmonton, Ottawa and Vancouver have recently joined forces to collaborate on an "Open Data Framework". The project aims to enhance current open data initiatives in the areas of data standards, terms of use agreements and open data website design. For further information, please contact us at opendata@toronto.ca.

The City of Toronto (City) now grants you a world-wide, royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to use, modify, and distribute the datasets in all current and future media and formats for any lawful purpose.  Although you are not required to credit the City for each use or reproduction of the datasets, you are entitled to do so and encouraged to conspicuously announce that these datasets are publicly available from the City under these Terms of Use.

Download GIS files, Excel spreadsheets, etc. which come along with metadata (descriptions about the data)